Neoliberalismo, ampliação das desigualdades e desconstrução da democracia

Fernando Augusto Mansor-de Mattos; Marcus Ianoni; Paulo Roberto Mello-Cunha

doi:10.18046/recs.iEspecial.5211

Authors

Fernando Augusto Mansor-de Mattos Universidade Federal Fluminense https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1196-3246
Marcus Ianoni Universidade Federal Fluminense https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6072-0518
Paulo Roberto Mello-Cunha Universidade Federal Fluminense https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7886-5408

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.iEspecial.5211

Keywords:

Neoliberalism, Inequality, Democracy, Brazil, United States

Abstract

In democracies, the financialization of capital accumulation has implied low economic growth and increased political, income, and wealth inequalities. At the State level, it has led to the reduction of social welfare policies. These processes feed the crisis of democratic legitimacy. Considering neoliberal capitalism’s actors and interests, the paper aims to describe and interpret the tensions among three variables: democracy, inequality, and the pattern of capitalism. The hypothesis is that democratic commitment depends, to some extent, on political and socioeconomic equality. It is stated that the significant increase in inequality in neoliberal capitalism weakens the legitimacy of democracy and, in some countries, has stimulated the emergence of authoritarian leaderships. The main empirical basis are the United States and Brazil. A qualitative methodology with process tracing was used to describe the temporal behavior of qualitative variables aiming to explore causal inferences. The quantitative data are subordinated to the qualitative analysis.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Fernando Augusto Mansor-de Mattos, Universidade Federal Fluminense

Pesquisador do Programa de Pós-graduação em Economia e do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Política, ambos da Universidade Federal Fluminense UFF (Brasil). Foi Visiting Scholar no Institute of Latin American Studies, na Universidade de Columbia (Estados Unidos) (2017-2018). Faz pesquisas sobre Desigualdade Econômica e Distribuição de Renda.
Marcus Ianoni, Universidade Federal Fluminense

Pesquisador do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Política da UFF. Entre 2015 e 2016, foi Academic Visitor na Universidade de Oxford (Latin American Centre) (Reino Unido). Investiga teorias do Estado, regimes políticos, economia política e políticas públicas, especialmente as relações entre Estado, regimes, interesses e economia.
Paulo Roberto Mello-Cunha, Universidade Federal Fluminense

Mestre em Ciência Política pela UFF e doutorando na mesma instituição. Tem experiência no Direito, com ênfase na área criminal e segurança pública. Promotor de Justiça do Ministério Público do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Titular da 2ª Promotoria de Justiça na Auditoria Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

References

Almond, Gabriel (1991). Capitalism and Democracy. Political Science and Politics, 24(3), 467474. https://doi.org/10.2307/420091

American Political Science Association (2004). American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality. Perspectives on Politics, 2(4), 651-666. https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759270404040X

Aristotle (1887). The Politics (Vol. II). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Campello, Daniela (2015). The Politics of Market Discipline in Latin America: Globalization and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Castells, Manuel (2018). Ruptura: a crise da democracia liberal. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Collier, David (2011). Understanding Process Tracing. Political Science and Politics, 44(4), 823830. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049096511001429

Crozier, Michael J.; Huntington, Samuel P.; Watanuki, Joji (1975). The Crisis of Democracy. Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission. New York: New York University Press.

Cruz, Sebastião Carlos Velasco; Kaysel, André; Codas, Gustavo (org.) (2015). Direita, volver! O retorno da direita e o ciclo político brasileiro. São Paulo: Perseu Abramo.

Dahl, Robert A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Dahl, Robert A. (2006). On Political Equality. New Haven: Yale University.

Dolan, Kerry A. (6 de abril de 2021). Forbes’ 35th Annual World’s Billionaires List: Facts And Figures 2021. Forbes. Recuperado de https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2021/04/06/forbes-35th-annual-worlds-billionaires-list-facts-and-figures-2021/?sh=6b697f5f5e58

Eubanks, Virginia (2017). Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. New York: St. Martins’ Press.

Facundo, Alvaredo; Chancel, Lucas; Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel; Zucman, Gabriel (coord.) (2018). World Inequality Report. Recuperado de https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-full-report-english.pdf

Frank, Robert (12 de setembro de 2019). Billionaires Hurt Economic Growth and should be Taxed out of Existence, says Bestselling French Economist. Recuperado de https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/12/billionaires-should-be-taxed-out-of-existence-says-thomas-piketty.html

Frank, Robert H.; Cook, Philip J. (1996). Winner-Take-All Society. Why the Few at the Top Get So Much More Than the Rest of Us. London: Penguim Books.

Fraser, Nancy (2017a). The End of Progressive Neoliberalism. Dissent Magazine. Recuperado de https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/progressive-neoliberalism-reactionary-populism-nancy-fraser

Fraser, Nancy (2017b). From Progressive Neoliberalism to Trump and Beyond. American Affairs, 1(4), 46-64. Recuperado de https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2017/11/progressive-neoliberalism-trump-beyond/

Griffin, John; Hajnal, Zoltan; Newman, Brian; Searle, David (2016). Political Inequality in America: Who Loses on Spending Policy? When is Policy less Biased? Politics, Groups, and Identities, 7(2), 367-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2017.1371611

Guttmann, Robert (2008). Uma introdução ao capitalismo dirigido pelas finanças. Novos Estudos Cebrap, 82, 11-33. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-33002008000300001

Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (2010). Winner-Take-All Politics: Public Policy, Political Organization, and the Precipitous Rise of Top Incomes in the United States. Politics & Society, 38(2), 152-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329210365042

Ianoni, Marcus (2018). Estado e coalizões no Brasil (2003-2016): social-desenvolvimentismo e neoliberalismo. Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto.

Keynes, John Maynard (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: Macmillan.

Latinobarómetro (2018). Informe 2018. Recuperado de https://www.latinobarometro.org/latContents.jsp

Molina, Federico Rivas (10 de novembro de 2018). Democracias da América Latina vivem seu “annus horribilis” em 2018, aponta estudo. El País Brasil. Recuperado de https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/11/09/politica/1541766116_145827.amp.html

Mounk, Yascha (2018). The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Netto, Delfim (2018). O animal econômico. São Paulo: Três Estrelas.

Palma, José Gabriel (2009). The Revenge of the Market on the Rentiers. Why Neo-Liberal Reports of the End of History turned out to be Premature. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(4), 829-869. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bep037

Piketty, Thomas (2014). O capital no século XXI. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca.

Piketty, Thomas (2020). Capital e Ideologia. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca.

Polanyi, Karl (1957). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.

Runciman, David (2018). How Democracy Ends. London: Profile Books.

Saad-Filho, Alfred (2020). Varieties of Neoliberalism in Brazil (2003–2019). Latin American Perspectives, 47(1), 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X19881968

Shonfield, Andrew (1965). Modern Capitalism: The Changing Balance of Public and Private Power. London: Oxford University Press.

Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2003). Os exuberantes anos 90: uma nova interpretação da década mais próspera da história. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.

Stiglitz, Joseph; Ocampo, José Antonio; Spiegel, Shari; Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo; Nayyar, Deepak (2006). Stability with Growth Macroeconomics, Liberalization and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Stone, Chad; Trisi, Danilo; Sherman, Arloc; Beltrán, Jennifer (2020). A Guide to Statistics on Historical Trends in Income Inequality. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Recuperado de https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/a-guide-to-statistics-on-historical-trends-in-income-inequality

Streeck, Wolfgang (2016). How will Capitalism End: Essays on a Failing System. London: Verso.

Streeck, Wolfgang (2017). Buying Time: The Delayed Crisis of Democratic Capitalism. London: Verso.

Winters, Jeffrey A. (2011). Oligarchy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

World Inequality Database (s.f.a). Team. Recuperado de https://wid.world/team

World Inequality Database (s.f.b). USA. Recuperado de https://wid.world/country/usa/