The Drug War and International Cooperation: the Case of Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.i18.1848Keywords:
Colombia, War on Drugs, Cooperation, Plan Colombia, United States,Abstract
This article examines the U.S. foreign policy towards Colombia with respect to drug trafficking. The analysis concentrates not only on the War on Drugs in Colombia but also on the interests of the U.S. in this country and in the region as a whole. The position of Colombia in the War on Drugs and the response of Washington to this problem highlight the foreign policy of the U.S. towards other countries in the region regarding drug trafficking and organized crime. This work analyzes cooperation between the U.S. and Colombia regarding the drug war. We conclude the article by assessing the cooperation between the United States and Colombia, taking into account the outcomes but also the kind of predominant cooperation.Downloads
References
Agencia EFE (2013), "La legalización de drogas no es la respuesta: Barack Obama", El Tiempo, disponible en línea: http://m.eltiempo.com/politica/discurso-de-barack-obama-en-la-clausura-de-foro-de-empresarios/11566401 Consultado en 20/10/2013.
Antonopoulos, G. A. (2008), "Colombian Drug Cartels", en Shanty, F. y Mishra, P. P. (2008). Organized Crime: From Trafficking to Terrorism (Vol. 1). ABC-clio, pp. 455-456.
Bagley, B. M. (1998). "US Foreign Policy and the War on Drugs: Analysis of a Policy Failure", Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 30 (2/3), Special Issue: Assessing the Americas' War on Drugs, 189-212.
Bagley, B. M. (2001). "Drug Trafficking, Political Violence, and U.S. Policy in Colombia in the 1990s", en Mama Coca. www.mamacoca.org Consultado en 3/10/2013.
Bagley, B. M. (2012a). "Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas: Major Trends in the Twenty-First Century". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Latin American Program.
Bagley, B. M. (2012b) "Tráfico de drogas y crimen organizado en América Latina y el Caribe en el Siglo XXI: retos de la democracia, Encuentro Internacional Drogas, Usos, y Prevenciones", 16 - 18 de Mayo 2012. Quito, Ecuador.
Bagley, B. M. (2013a). "Drug Control Policies in the United States: What Works and What? Patterns, Prevalence, and Problems of Drug Use in the United States", en Bagley y Rosen (eds.) Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas: Key Trends in the 21st Century, Gainsville, Florida: University Press of Florida (en revision).
Bagley, B. M. (2013b). "Principales tendencias del siglo XXI en cuanto al crimen organizado, el narcotráfico y la democracia en la región". Trans–Pasando Fronteras, (3), pp. 47–54. Disponible en línea: http://dx.doi.org/10.18046/retf.i3.1623 Consultado en 29/12/2014.
Bagley, B. M. y Tokatlian, J. G. (1985). "Colombian Foreign Policy in the 1980s: The Search for Leverage", Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27 (3), 27-62.
Bagley, B. M. y Tokatlian, J. G. (1992). "Dope and Dogma: Explaining the Failure of U.S.-Latin American Drug Policies", en Jonathan Hartlyn, Lars Schoultz, Augusto Varas (eds.) The United States and Latin America in the 1990s: Beyond the Cold War. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Barassi, S. (2013). "Una nueva estrategia contra la droga", Portal del Sur - Agencia Latinoamericana de Noticias, 12 de junio. Disponible en línea: http://portaldelsur.info/2013/06/una-nueva-estrategia-contra-la-droga/ Consultado en 29/07/2013.
Benítez, R. (2014), "Mexico-Colombia: US Assistance and the Fight against Organized Crime", Llorente, M. V., McDermott, J., Benitez-Manaut, R., de Rincón, M. L. R., & Bailey, J. (Eds.). One Goal, Two Struggles: Confronting Crime and Violence in Mexico and Colombia. Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, 47-69.
Bonilla, A. (2006). "U.S. Andean Policy, the Colombian Conflict, and Security in Ecuador", en Brian Loveman, ed. Addicted to Failure: U.S. Security Policy in Latin America and the Andean Region. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Bush, G. W. (2001), "Address to Joint Session of Congress – Transcript", CCN Website, 21 September. Disponible: http://articles.cnn.com/2001-09-20/us/gen.bush.transcript_1_joint-session-national-anthem-citizens?_s=PM:US Consultado 20/01/2012.
Carpenter, T. G. (2003). Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington's Futile War on Drugs in Latin America, New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chabat, J. (2010). "La Iniciativa Mérida y la Relación México-Estados Unidos: en busca de la esperanza perdida", Documento de Trabajo 195, CIDE.
Chernick, M. C. (2012), Entrevista personal, aprobada por el IRB.
Chris K. (2008), "Bush pushes trade pact to aid Colombia and his legacy", Los Angeles Times, 13/11/2008.
CNN México (2012). "Peña Nieto toma a Colombia como ejemplo para su estrategia de seguridad", Agencia CNN México, 18 de septiembre, disponible en línea: , consultado en 7/11/2013.
Crandall, R. (2002). Driven by Drugs: U.S. Policy toward Colombia. Boulder, CO: Lynne Publishers.
Cuellar, A. (2008). "America's Forgotten War" The Washington Post. 29/10/2008.
Elliot, M. (2011). "Viewpoint: how Libya became a French and British war", Time World, 19/03/2011.
Garay, L. J. y Salcedo -Alabarán, E. (2012). Narcotráfico, Corrupción y Estados. México: Grijalbo.
García, J. (2013). "El infierno se llama Michoacán", El Mundo, 8/11/2013.
Georgios A.A. (2008). "Colombian Drug Cartels", en Frank Shanty y Patit Paban Mishra (eds.), Organized Crime: from trafficking to terrorism, Santa Barbara California: ABC-CLIO.
Isacson, A. (2002). "Extending the War on Terrorism to Colombia: A Bad Idea Whose Time Has Come". Foreign Policy In Focus, Febrero 6. Disponible en línea: http://www.fpif.org/articles/extending_the_war_on_terrorism_to_colombia_a_bad_idea_whose Consultado en Agosto, 3, 2013.
Isacson, A. (2002). Don't Call Plan Colombia a Model: On Plan Colombia 10th Anniverary, Alaims of "Success" Don't Stand Up to Scrutiny, Washington, D.C.: WOLA.
Kraul, C. (2008), "Bush Pushes Trade Pact to Aid Colombia and his Legacy", Los Angeles Times, Noviembre 13.
Lee, R. W., y Thoumi, F. E. (2003), "Drugs and Democracy in Colombia", en Godson, R. (Ed.). Menace to Society: Political-criminal Colllaboration Around the World. Transaction Publishers, pp. 71-97.
Lendman, S. (2008). Plan Mexico: Plan Colombia Heads for Mexico. Canada: Global Research Center.
Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994), "The false promise of international institutions", International Security, 19 (3), pp. 5-49.
Nadelmann, E. (2012), "Obama's hypocritical war on marijuana", The Huffington Post, 25 de mayo. Disponible en línea: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ethan-nadelmann/obama-marijuana_b_1546921.html Consultado en 15/08/2013. Texto citado traducido del inglés por Roberto Zepeda Martínez.
Nadelmann, E. (2013). "Ending the War on Drugs: Easier Said Than Done", The Huffington Post, 18 de junio. Disponible en línea: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ethan-nadelmann/marijuana-legalization-war-on-drugs_b_3456324.html Consultado en Noviembre, 2, 2013. Texto citado traducido del inglés por Roberto Zepeda Martínez.
Notimex (2013), "Descarta Obama cambiar políticas sobre marihuana", La Jornada, 22/07/2013.
Nuruzzaman, M. (2006). "Beyond the Realist Theories: 'Neo-Conservative Realism' and the American Invasion of Iraq" International Studies Perspectives (7), pp. 239–253.
Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. New York: Public Affairs Store.
Organizaci ón de Estados Americanos – OEA. (2013). El problema de las drogas en las Américas. Washington D.C. Organización de los Estados Americanos, Secretaría General.
Organization of American States – OAS. (2013). Report of the Drug Problem in the Americas, Panama: OAS.
Pérez, J. C. (2012), "Enrique Peña Nieto: 'La estrategia que se ha seguido contra las drogas en México es equivocada'", La Tercera, 10/06/2012.
Refshauge, E. (2012). "Uribe slams Hugo Chavez during trip to Venezuelan border", Colombia Reports, Julio, 16. Disponible en línea: http://colombiareports.co/former-colombian-president-ends-anti-chavez-tour-on-venezuelan-border/.
Rensselaer, W. L. III y Thoumi, F. E. (2003). "Drugs and Democracy in Colombia", en Godson, R. Menace to Society: Political Collaboration around the World, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Reuters (2013). "Mexico to track drug war victims, compensate families", Chicago Tribute. Enero 9. Disponible: http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/09/us-mexico-drugs-idUSBRE-9081CQ20130109, Consultado en noviembre 2013.
Rosen, J. (2014). "The Losing War: Plan Colombia and Beyond" Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, forthcoming 2014.
Seelke, C. R. y Finklea, K. M. (2013). "U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond" .Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (SSN) (2012). Incidencia Delictiva del Fuero Común 2012 y 2013. Secretaria de Gobernación del gobierno federal de México.
Thoumi, F.E. (Ed.). (1995). Political economy and illegal drugs in Colombia (Vol. 2). United United Nations Office on Drugs, & Crime. (2010). World Drug Report 2010. United Nations Publications.
Tokatlian, J.G. (2012) "Drogas: una guerra que fracasó", La Nación, 13 de marzo. Disponible en línea: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1456029-drogas-una-guerra-que-fracaso, Consultado 12/07/2013.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime – UNODC. (2011). World Drug Report, 2011, New York: UNODC.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime – UNODC. (2013). World Drug Report 2013. United Nations Publications. Disponible en línea: http://www.un.org/, consultado 1/11/2013.
Wing, N. y Johnson, L. (2013). ''Obama Administration Has Spent Nearly $300 Million Cracking Down On Medical Marijuana: Report''. The Hufftington Post, disponible en línea: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/13/obama-medical-marijuana_n_3437636.html Consultado 23/09/2013. Texto citado traducido del inglés por Roberto Zepeda Martínez.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Jonathan D. Rosen, Roberto Zepeda Martínez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
© Reserved Copyright
Material in this publication may be reproduced without authorization, provided the title, author and institutional source is acknowledged.
The content published in Revista CS is distributed under the Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 Attribution/Recognition-NonCommercial 4.0 International license.
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.