Narratives of violence: the white imagination, and the making of black masculinity in 'City of God'
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.i13.1829Keywords:
Black masculinity, Policing practices, Sexuality, Nation, Urban violenceAbstract
The article explores the representation of young–black men in the 2002 film City of God. The film deploys 'pathological scripts' of Black masculinity in Brazil as criminal and deviant. The controlling image of Black men's bodies as a source of danger and impurity sustains Brazilian regime of racial domination, and the narratives of violence make explicit the ways in which the Brazilian nation is imagined though a racial underpinning. Blackness is consumed as an exotic commodity, yet is also understood as a threat to national harmony. The nation is, then, written and re–imagined as a racial paradise, but mostly by inscribing death on the black body.
Downloads
References
AMAR, P. Reform in Rio: Reconsidering the Myths of Crime and Violence.' NACLA Report on the Americas 37, 2 September/October, 2003.
ALEXANDER, Jacqui. Not Just (Any) Body Can Be a Citizen: The Politics of Law, Sexuality and Postcoloniality in Trinidad and Tobago and the Bahamas. Feminist Review, No. 48, Autumn, pp. 5–23, 1994.
ALTHUSSER, Louis. 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses' in Lenin and Philosophy and other Essays. London: New Left Books, 1979.
ANDERSON, Bendedict.Imagined Communities. London, New York: Verso, 2006.
BATISTA, Luís Eduardo.. Masculinidade, raça/cor e saúde. Ciênc. saúde coletiva, vol.10, no.1, p.71–80, 2005.
BENTES, Ivana. 'Sertões e favelas no cinema brasileiro contemporâneo: estética e cosmética da fome.' ALCEU, Rio de Janeiro 8.15: 242–255, 2007.
BHABHA, Homi. Nation and Narration. London & New York: Routledge, 1990
BHABHA, Homi. The Other Question. In: Mongia,Padmini. Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: a Reader. Oxford University Press, 1996.
BOURDIEU, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press, 1977.
BUTLER, Judith. Endangered/Endangering: Schematic Racism and White Paranoia. In: Reading Rodney King/Reading Urban Uprising. Routledge: London, 1993.
CALDEIRA, Teresa. City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkley, University of California Press, 2003.
CANO, Ignacio. Letalidade da ação policial. Rio de Janeiro: ISER, 1997.
CARBADO, D. W. Black Men on Race, Gender, and Sexuality: A Critical Reader. New York: New York University Press, 1999
CARVALHO, Jose Jorge. 1996. Image of Black Man in Brazilian Popular Culture. Series Anthropologies. Universidade de Brasilia.
CECCHETTO, Fatima. Violencia e estilos de masculinidades. Editora da FGV, Rio de Janeiro, 2004.
CHAUÍ, Marilena. Brasil: Mito Fundador e Sociedade Autoritaria. São Paulo: Ed. Fundação Perseu Abramo, 2000.
COLLINS, Patricia Hill. Black Sexual Politics New York: Routledge, 2005.
CONNELLl, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity rethinking the concept.Gender & society, 19(6), 829–859.
CORREA, Mariza. Sobre a invençào da mulata. cadernos pagu (6–7) 1996: pp.35–50, 1996.
DA MATTA, Roberto. Carnavais, Malandros e Heróis. Rio de Janeiro, Zahar, 1981.
DAMASCENO, Caetana Maria. ''Em casa de enforcado nao se fala em corda': Notas sobre a construção da boa aparência no Brasil. In Antonio Sergio Guimarães e Lynn Huntley (orgs).Tirando a máscara: ensaios sobre o racismo no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Editora Paz e Terra, 2003.
FERBER, Abby L. The construction of black masculinity white supremacy now and then. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, vol. 31, no 1, p. 11–24, 2007.
FOUCAULT, Michel. History of sexuality: An introduction. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1990.
FRY, P. Why Brazil is different. Times Literary Supplement 8 December, 1995.
GARDINER, Judith. Introduction. In: Masculinity Studies and Feminist theory: New Directions. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
GILMAR, Sander. Difference and Pathology: stereotypes of race, sexuality, and madness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
GILROY, Paul. There Ain't Blacks in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
GONZALEZ, Lélia. Racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira. In: Luiz Antonio Silva, Movimentos sociais, urbanos, memórias étnicas e outros estudos, Brasília, ANPOCS, 1983.
GORDON, Ted. Cultural Politics of Black Masculinity. Transforming Anthropology, v 6, pp.36–53, 1997.
HALE, Charles. Más Que un Indio (More Than an Indian): Racial Ambivalence and Neoliberal Multiculturalism in Guatemala. SAR Press, New Mexico, 2006.
Hall, Stuart. On Representations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
HALL, Stuart. Culture, Media, and the Ideological Effect. Mass Communication and Society, pp. 315–48, 1979.
HANCHARD, Michael. Orpheus and Power: The Movimento Negro Brasileiro, 1945–1988. Principton University Press, 1994.
HOOKS, bell. We Real Cool: Black Male and Masculinity. New York: Routledge, 2004.
HOOKS, bell. Race and Representations. Boston: South Press, 1992.
HOOKS, bell. Black Looks: Race and Representation. Toronto: Between Lines, 1992.
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. Lethal Force: Police Violence and Public Security in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Washington: Human Rights Watch, 2009.
JACKSON, Ronald. Scripting the Black Body: identity, discourse, and racial politics in popular media, 2006.
KANT de Lima, R. A Polícia da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro: Seus Dilemas e Paradoxos. Rio de Janeiro: Policia Militar do Rio de Janeiro, 1987.
KELLEY, R. D. G. Yo' mama's disfunktional! Fighting the culture wars in urban America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1997.
LIMA MLC 2003. A trajetória dos homicídios no Estado de Pernambuco: uma abordagem epidemiológica nas duas últimas décadas do século XX. Tese de doutorado. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro.
LINS, Paulo. Cidade de Deus: romance. Companhia das Letras, 1997.
MARCOS F and MAGGIE. Divisões Perigosas: Políticas Raciais no Brazil Contemporâneo. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2007.
MARRIOTT, David. On Black Men. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
MONTEIRO, R. de A. Torcer, lutar, ao inimigo massacrar: raça Rubro–Negra! Uma etnografia sobre futebol, masculinidade e violência. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV, 2003.
MUNANGA, Kabengele. Rediscutindo a Mestiçagem no Brasil. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2004.
NAGENGAST, Carole. Violence, Terror, and the Crisis of the State. Annual Review of Anthropology 23:109–126, 1994.
NASCIMENTO, Abdias. Brazil, Misture or Massacre? Essay in the Genocide of a Genocide of a People. Dover, MA: Majority Press, 1989.
OLIVERIA, Emanuelle KF. 'An Ethic of the Esthetic: Racial Representation in Brazilian Cinema Today.' Vanderbilt e–Journal of Luso–Hispanic Studies 4, 2009.
PINHO, Osmundo. Etnografias do brau: corpo, masculinidade e raça na reafricanização em Salvador. Rev. Estud. Fem. vol.13, no.1, p.127–145, 2005.
PINTO, M.R, & CARVALHO, D. (2004). Quem são os meninos que fracassam na escola?. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 34(121), 11–40.
QUADROS, W. (2004). Gênero e raça na desigualdade social brasileira recente. Estudos Avançados, 18(50), 95–117.
REIS, Vilma. Atucaiados pelo Estado. As Políticas de Segurança Pública Implementadas nos Bairros Populares de Salvador e suas Representações, 1991–2001. Dissertação de Mestrado. Salvador. Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2005.
RIBEIRO, Paulo Jorge. '' Cidade de Deus' na zona de contato: Alguns impasses da crítica cultural contemporânea.' Revista de crítica literaria latinoamericana (2003): 125–139, 2003.
RODRIGUES, Nina. Os Africanos no Brasil. 8a edicao. Brasilia: Universidade de Brasilia. 2004.
RICHARDSON, Mattie and PAGE, E. On the Fear of Small Number: A 21st Century Prolegomenon of the US Black Transgender Experience. Austin: University of Texas at Austin Press, s/d.
ROSEMBERG, F. Educação infantil, classe, raça e gênero. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 96, 58–65, 1996.
SILVA, Jorge da. Violência e racismo no Rio de Janeiro. EDUFF, Niterói, 1998.
SILVA, Rodnei e CARNEIRO, Suelaine. Violência Racial: uma leitura sobre os dados de homicídios no Brasil. São Paulo: Geledés Instituto da Mulher Negra, 2009.
SSP/SP. Ouvidoria de Policia do Estado de São Paulo: Secretaria de Segurança Pública de São Paulo. Disponivel em: http://www.ouvidoria–policia.sp.gov.br/ Acesso em 15/04/2007.
SOARES, S. S. D. Perfil da discriminação no mercado de trabalho: homens negros, mulheres brancas e mulheres negras. Cadernos Ipea, Brasilia, 2000.
THOMPSON, John. Ideology and Modern Culture: Critical Social Theory in the Era of Mass Communication. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1995.
VARGAS, João. 'Genocide in the African Diaspora: United States, Brazil, and the Need for a Holistic Research and Political Method'. Cultural Dynamics 17(3): 267–290, 2005.
WAISELFISZ, J. J. Mapa da Violência IV: Os Jovens do Brasil. Unesco, 2006.
WALDEMIR, R. Homem Preto do Gueto: um estudo sobre a masculinidade no Rap brasileiro. Dissertacao de Mestrado. Universidade de Brasilia, 2006.
ZALUAR, Alba Condomínio do Diabo. Revan–UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, 1994.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 Jaime Amparo Alves
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
© Reserved Copyright
Material in this publication may be reproduced without authorization, provided the title, author and institutional source is acknowledged.
The content published in Revista CS is distributed under the Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 Attribution/Recognition-NonCommercial 4.0 International license.
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.