Female entrepreneurship: Evidence-based high-impact perspective from Chile and Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18046/j.estger.2022.162.4586Keywords:
female entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs, women, Peru, ChileAbstract
This study aims to highlight cases of women-led business (WLB) that achieved high-growth in the short term, contradicting the traditional approach of female entrepreneurship associated with precariousness. This paper uses a multiple case study, exploring examples of WLBs in Chile and Peru. The results show some entrepreneurial behavior patterns among WLBs, such as experience in the field, growth-oriented strategy, service innovation, accelerated expansion, high-quality products, and a particular attitude toward entrepreneurship. This study shed additional light on how some WLBs are not linked to subsistence or low-impact, as well as how public policies must support high-growth WLBs.
Downloads
References
Acs, Z. and Amorós, J. (2008). Introduction: the Startup Process. Estudios de Economía, 35, 121-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-52862008000200001
Acs, Z. Mickiewickz, T. and Szerb, L. (2018). Entrepreneurship, institutional economics, and economic growth: and ecosystem perspective. Small Businesses Economics, 51, 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0013-9
Agarwal, S., Ramadani, V., Dana, L., Agrawal, V. and Dixit, J. (2021). Assessment of the significance of factors affecting the growth of women entrepreneurs: study based on experience categorization. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-08-2020-0313
Aguilar, C. [Santander Chile] (October 20th, 2020). Conversaciones Work/Café- Elvira Montero [VIDEO]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/t8R6D8cApOo
Almeida, P. and Kogut, B. (1997). The exploration of technology diversity and the geographic localization of innovation: start-up firms in the semiconductor industry. Small Business Economics, 9 (1), 21- 31. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007995512597
Almus, M. and Nerlinger, E. (1999). Growth of new technology-based firms: which factors matter? Small Business Economics, 13(2), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008138709724
Amorós, J., and Poblete, C. (2013). Aspiraciones de los emprendedores en Chile y el mundo 2012, Chile: GEM. https://negocios.udd.cl/gemchile/files/2014/10/GEM-Chile-2012-Reporte-Aspiracion-Emprendedora.pdf
Analoui, B. and Herath, D. (2019). Independent female escorts: Stigmatized, value-adding entrepreneurs. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 20(2), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750318792513
Aparicio, S., Urbano, D., Audretsch, D. and Noguera, M. (2019). Female and male entrepreneurship during the economic crisis: an institutional tale of European countries. Revista de Economía Mundial, forthcoming. http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/rem.v0i51.3908
Audretsch, D. and Link, A. (2018). Entrepreneurship and knowledge spillovers from the public sector. Working Paper 18-05, Department of Economics, Working Paper Series, Greensboro, UNC. https://bryan.uncg.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/18-05-Entrepreneurship-and-Knowledge-Spillovers-from-the-Public-Sector.pdf
Autio, E., Sapienza, H., and Almeida, J. (2000). Effects of Age at Entry, Knowledge Intensity, and Imitability on International Growth. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 909-924. https://doi.org/10.5465/1556419
Autio, E., and Rannikko, H. (2016). Retaining winners: Can policy boost high-growth entrepreneurship? Research Policy, 45(1), 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.06.002
Barringer B., Jones F., and Neubaum, D. (2005). A quantitative content analysis of the characteristics of rapid-growth firms and their founders. Journal of Business Venturing, 20, 663-687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.03.004
Barringer, B., and Greening, D. (1998). Small business growth through geographic expansion: a comparative case study. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(5), 467-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00038-4
Bonilla, C. and Cancino C. (2011). The Impact of the Seed Capital Program of SERCOTEC in Chile, working paper series nº IDB-WP-279, Inter American Developing Bank. https://publications.iadb.org/en/impact-seed-capital-program-sercotec-chile
Bosma, N. and Kelley, D. (2018). 2018/2019 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor- 20th Anniversary of GEM, Babson College. GEM. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2018-2019-global-report
Bosma, N., Hill, S., Ionescu-Somers, A., Kelley, D., Levie, J., and Tarnawa, A. (2020). 2019/2020 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Babson College. GEM. https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2019-2020-global-report
Bruns, K., Bosma, N., Sanders, M. and Schramm, M. (2017). Searching for the Existence of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: A Regional Cross-section Regression Approach. Small Business Economics, 49, 31-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9866-6
Brush, C., Edelman, L., Manolova, T. and Welter, F. (2018). A Gendered Look at Entrepreneurship Ecosystems Small Business Economics, 53, 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-9992-9
Brydges, T. and Hracs, B.J. (2019). What motivates millennials? How intersectionality shapes the working lives of female entrepreneurs in Canada’s fashion industry. Gender. Place & Culture, 26(4), 510-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2018.1552558
Burt, R. S. (2004). Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110(2), 349–399. https://doi.org/10.1086/421787
Cancino, C. (2014). Rapid Internationalization of SMEs: Evidence from Born Global Firms in Chile. Innovar, 24, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v24n1spe.47614
Cancino, C., and Coronado, F. (2014). Exploring the determinants of born-global firms in Chile. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 27(3), 386–401. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARLA-10-2013-0154
Cancino, C., Coronado, F. and Farias, A. (2011). Antecedentes y resultados de emprendimientos dinámicos en Chile: cinco casos de éxito. Innovar, 22(43), 19-32. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/innovar/article/view/35501
Cancino, C. A., and & La Paz, A. I. (2010). International new ventures in Chile: Tres casos de éxito. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, 45, 140–162. https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/AcademiaRevistalatinoamericanadeadministracion/2010/no45/8.pdf
Chesbrough, H. (2007). Business model innovation: it's not just about technology anymore. Strategy & Leadership, 35(6), 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/10878570710833714
Cordova, M., and Cancino, C. A. (2020). Constraints and opportunities for entrepreneurship in Peru and Chile: A discussion about institutions and social networks in Latin America. Revista Virtual Universidad Católica del Norte, 60, 4-23. https://www.doi.org/10.35575/rvucn.n60a2
Córdova, M., and Huamán, F. (2019). Absence of opportunities can enhance womens high-growth entrepreneurship: empirical evidence from Peru., Bullough, A., Hechavarría, D., Brush, C.G. and Edelman, L.F. (Eds.), High-growth Women’s Entrepreneurship., Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, 32-51. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788118712.00009
Cumming, D., Fischer, E., and Peridis, T. (2014). Publicly funded business advisory services and entrepreneurial internationalization. International Small Business Journal, 33(8), 1-16. https://www.doi.org/10.1177/0266242614537849
Deeds, D., and Hill, C. (1996). Strategic alliances and the rate of new product development: an empirical study of entrepreneurial bio- technology firms., Journal of Business Venturing, 11(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(95)00087-9
De Mel, S., McKenzie, D. and Woodruff, C. (2014). Business training and female enterprise start-up, growth, and dynamics: Experimental evidence from Sri Lanka. Journal of Development Economics, 106(1), 199-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.09.005
Díaz de León, D. and Cancino, C.A. (2014). De emprendimientos por necesidad a oportunidad: casos rurales exitosos. Multidisciplinary Business Review, 7(1), 48- 56. https://journalmbr.net/index.php/mbr/article/view/352
Doorley, T. and Donovan, J. (1999). Value-creating growth: How to Lift Your Company to the Next Level of Performance (1st edition). San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass.
Duchesneau, D., and Gartner, W. (1990). A profile of new venture success and failure in an emerging industry. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(5), 297-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(90)90007-G
Emran, M., Morshed, A. and Stiglitz, J. (2011). Microfinance and missing markets. MPRA Paper from University Library of Munich, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(90)90007-G
Endeavor. (2020). “Home – Endeavor”, obtained on October 18, 2020 from: https://endeavor.org/
Endeavor Chile. (2020). “Endeavor Chile | Lideramos el movimiento global de emprendedores de alto impacto”, obtained on October 18, 2020 from: http://www.endeavor.cl/
Endeavor Perú. (2020). “Endeavor Perú | Asesoramos Emprendedores de Alto Impacto”,obtained on October 18, 2020 from: https://endeavor.org.pe/
Fesser, H. and Willard, G. (1990). Founding strategy and performance: a comparison of high and low growth high tech firms. Strategic Management Journal, 11(2), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250110202
Friar, J. and Meyer, M. (2003). Entrepreneurship and Start-Ups in the Boston Region: Factors Differentiating High-Growth Ventures from Micro-Ventures. Small Business Economics, 21, 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025045828202
Harrison, J. and Taylor, B. (1997). Supergrowth Companies. Reed Educational and Professional Publishing, Oxford.
Heunks, F. (1998). Innovation, creativity, and success. Small Business Economics, 10(3), 263-272. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007968217565
Hillmann, H., and Aven, B. L. (2011). Fragmented networks and entrepreneurship in late imperial Russia. American Journal of Sociology, 117(2), 484–538. https://doi.org/10.1086/661772
Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D., Camp, S.M. and Sexton, D.L. (2001). Strategic Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Strategies for Wealth Creation. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6–7), 479–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.196
Jaramillo, H., Lugones, G., and Salazar, M. (2001). Normalización de Indicadores de Innovación Tecnológica en América Latina y el Caribe MANUAL DE BOGOTÁ, Red Iberoamericana de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología/Organización de Estados Americanos. http://repositorio.conicyt.cl/handle/10533/171349
Kantis, H., and Angelelli, P. (2020). Emprendimientos de base científico-tecnológica en América Latina: Importancia, desafíos y recomendaciones para el futuro. Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0002156
Kargwell, S.A. (2012). A Comparative Study on Gender and Entrepreneurship Development: Still a Male’s World within UAE Cultural Context. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(6), 44-55. http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_6_Special_Issue_March_2012/7.pdf
Kim, W., and Mauborgne, R. (1997). Value innovation: the strategic logic of high growth. Harvard Business Review, 75(1), 103-112. https://hbr.org/2004/07/value-innovation-the-strategic-logic-of-high-growth
Kobeissi, N. (2010). Gender factors and female entrepreneurship: international evidence and policy implications. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0045-y
Krogh, G.V., & Cusumano, M.A. (2001). Three Strategies for Managing Fast Growth. MIT Sloan Management Review, 42, 53-61. https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/three-strategies-for-managing-fast-growth/
Kuschel, K., and Labra, J. (2018). Developing entrepreneurial identity among startups female founders in high-tech: Policy implications from the Chilean case. A Research Agenda for Women and Entrepreneurship Identity Through Aspirations, Behaviors and Confidence. (27- 44). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785365379.00007
Kuschel, K., Lepeley, M., Espinosa, F. and Gutiérrez, S. (2017). Funding Challenges of Latin American Women Start-up Founders in the Technology Industry., Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 24 (2), 310-331. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-03-2016-0072
La Paz, A., Cancino C. and Miranda J. (2012). Start-ups success using public funds: university versus industry sponsorship. Multidisciplinary Business Review, 5(1), 38-45. https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/139702
Larroulet, C., and Ramírez, M. (2008). Emprendimiento: Factor clave para la nueva etapa de Chile, Durán, P. (Ed.), Emprendimiento e innovación en Chile. (15-38). Santiago, Chile: Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad del Desarrollo15-38. http://hdl.handle.net/11447/21
Lederman, D., Messina, J., Pienknagura, S. and Rigolini, J. (2014). El Emprendimiento en América Latina: Muchas Empresas y Poca Innovación. Estudios del Banco Mundial sobre América Latina y el Caribe. Washington, D.C: Banco Mundial. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/LAC/EmprendimientoAmericaLatina_resumen.pdf
León, C. (2015). Un emprendimiento inspirado en padres e hijos. La Tercera. Obtained on July 13, 2015 from: https://www.latercera.com/noticia/un-emprendimiento-inspirado-en-padres-e-hijos/ July 13rd, 2015
Low, M. and MacMillan, I. (1988). Entrepreneurship: past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14(2), 139-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638801400202
MacMillan, I. and Day, D. (1987). Corporate ventures into industrial markets: dynamics of aggressive entry. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(87)90017-6
Matejun, M. (2016). Role of technology entrepreneurship in the development of innovativeness of small and medium-sized enterprises. Management, 20(1), 167–183. https://doi.org/10.1515/manment-2015-0032
OECD (2007). Oslo Manual. Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd Edition. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/19900414.
OECD/Eurostat (2018). Oslo Manual 2018: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation.The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities (4th edition). Paris/Eurostat, Luxembourg: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264304604-en.
Patterson, M. (1998). From experience: linking product innovation to business growth. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15(5), 390-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.1550390
Reid, G. and Smith, J. (2000). What makes a new business start-up successful? Small Business Economics, 14(3), 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008168226739
Renzulli, L. A., Aldrich, H., and Moody, J. (2000). Family Matters: Gender, Networks, and Entrepreneurial Outcomes. Social Forces, 79(2), 523-546. https://doi.org/10.2307/2675508
Reynolds, P.D., Camp, S.M., Bygrave, W.D., Autio, E. and Hay, M. (2002). GEM Global Entrepreneurship Report, 2001 Summary Report. GEM, 1-126, Obtained on May 17, 2020 from: http://www.gemconsortium.org/download/1293023015823/Summary%20Report%20Version%208%2002%20April%2002.pdf
Rialp, A., Rialp, J. and Knight, G. (2005). The Phenomenon of Early Internationalizing Firms: What Do We Know After a Decade (1993–2003) of Scientific Inquiry? International Business Review, 14(2), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2004.04.006
Román, J., Cancino, C.A. and Gallizo, J.L. (2017). Exploring features and opportunities of rapid-growth wine firms in Chile. Estudios Gerenciales, 33, 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2017.02.004
Roper, S. (1997). Product innovation and small business growth: a comparison of the strategies of German, UK and Irish companies. Small Business Economics, 9(6), 523-537. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007963604397
Roure, J. and Maidique, M. (1986). Linking prefunding factors and high- technology venture success: an exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(3), 295-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(86)90006-6
Santander, P and Fernandez, C. (2019). Políticas públicas de emprendimiento dirigidas a mujeres en Chile. Revista Espacios, 40(32), 4-19. https://www.revistaespacios.com/a19v40n32/a19v40n32p04.pdf
Sapienza, H. and Grimm, C. (1997). Founder characteristics, start-up process and strategy/structure variables as predictors of shortline railroad performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 22(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879702200101
Schøtt, T., & Cheraghi, M. (2015). Gendering pursuits of innovation: embeddedness in networks and culture. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 24(1), 83-116. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2015.066160
Serida, J., Alzamora, J., Guerrero, C., Borda, A. and Morales, O. (2018). Global entrepreneurship Monitor Perú 2018-2019. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24030.79687
Shane, S. (2009). Why Encouraging More People to Become Entrepreneurs Is Bad Public Policy. Small Business Economics, 33, 141-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9215-5
Siegel, R., Siegel, E., and MacMillan, I. (1993). Characteristics distinguishing high-growth ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(93)90018-Z
Singer, B. (1995). Contours of development. Journal of Business Venturing, 10 (4). 303-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)00025-P
Terjesen, S., Bosma, N. and Stam, E. (2015). Advancing Public Policy for High-Growth, Female, and Social Entrepreneurs. Public Administration Review, 76(2), 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12472
Watson, W., Steward, W. and BarNir, A. (2003). The effects of human capital, organizational demography, and interpersonal processes on venture partner perceptions of firm profit and growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 145-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00082-9
Xiang, S., Guo, R., Wu, N. and Sun, S. (2009). Current status and future prospects of Zoige Marsh in Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Ecological Engineering, 35, 553-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.02.016
Yang, T. and Triana, M. (2019). Set Up to Fail: Explaining When Women-Led Businesses Are More Likely to Fail. Journal of Management, 45(3), 926-954. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316685856
Ying, R (1993). Applications of case study research. (3rs Edition). London: Sage Publication.
Ying, R (1994). Case study research. Design and Methods. Applied Social Research Methods Series, (2nd Ed.), London: Sage Publication.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Articles are the sole responsibility of their authors, and will not compromise Icesi’s University principles or policies nor those of the Editorial Board of the journal Estudios Gerenciales. Authors authorize and accept the transfer of all rights to the journal, both for its print and electronic publication. After an article is published, it may be reproduced without previous permission of the author or the journal but the author(s), year, title, volume, number and range of pages of the publication must be mentioned. In addition, Estudios Gerenciales must be mentioned as the source (please, refrain from using Revista Estudios Gerenciales).