Firm-level trust in emerging markets: the moderating effect on the institutional strength- corruption relationship in Mexico and Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18046/j.estger.2018.147.2656Keywords:
Corruption, trust, institutions, resource-based viewAbstract
Emerging market firms often face corruption and institutional weakness in their environments. Firm-level trust may help with these challenges. In these countries, firm-level trust may engage employees and reduce pressure on firms from weak institutions and corruption. This is a study of employees of firms in Mexico and Peru, and it measures perceptions of corruption, trust, and institutional strength. Using confirmatory factor analysis and linear regression, the study tests hypotheses that trust moderates the weak institution - perceived corruption relationship. Findings suggest that trust may help employees be productive despite these challenges. Firms that build trust among employees may be better able to confront the challenges of corrupt and uncertain institutional environments.
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References
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Altunbas, Y., & Thornton, J. (2012). Does financial development reduce corruption? Economics Letters, 114(2), 221-223.
Arvate, P. R., Curi, A. Z., Rocha, F., & Miessi Sanches, F. A. (2010). Corruption and the size of government: Causality tests for OECD and Latin American countries. Applied Economics Letters, 17(10), 1013-1017.
Ashforth, B. E., Gioia, D. A., Robinson, S. L., & Trevino, L. K. (2008). Re-viewing organizational corruption. Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 670-684.
Baek, Y.M., & Jung, C.S. (2015). Focusing the mediating role of institutional trust: How does interpersonal trust promote organizational commitment? Social Science Journal, 52(4), 481-489.
Bailey, J., & Paras, P. (2006). Perceptions and attitudes about corruption and democracy in Mexico. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, 22(1), 57-82.
Barney, J., Ketchen Jr., D. J., & Wright, M. (2011). The future of resource-based theory: Revitalization or decline? Journal of Management, 37(5), 1299-1315.
Berrios, R. (2010). Corruption as a drag on development. Latin American Research Review, 45(2), 245-252.
Bjornskov, C. (2011). Combating corruption: On the interplay between institutional quality and social trust. The Journal of Law & Economics, 54(1), 135-159.
Blake, C. H., & Morris, S. D. (2009). Political and analytical challenges of corruption in Latin America. In C. H. Blake & S. D. Morris (Eds.), Corruption and democracy in Latin America (1-24). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Bohn, S. R. (2013). Corruption in Latin America: Understanding the perception-exposure gap. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 4(3), 67-95.
Brenes, E. R., Haar, J., & Requena, B. (2009). Latin America: Environmental and firm-level challenges. Journal of Business Research, 62, 849-853.
Brenes, E. R., Mena, M., & Molina, G. E. (2008). Key success factors for strategy implementation in Latin America. Journal of Business Research, 61, 590-598.
Chang, S. J., Van Witteloostuijn, A., & Eden, L. (2010). From the editors: Common method variance in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2), 178-184.
Childers, J. S., & Offstein, E. (2007). Building entrepreneurial e-commerce competitive advantage: A blending of theory and practice. Advances in Competitiveness Research, 15(1), 41-53.
Ciravegna, L., Lopez, L. E., & Kundu, S. K. (2016). The internationalization of Latin American enterprises-Empirical and theoretical perspectives. Journal of Business Research, 69(6), 1957-1962.
Conway, J. M., & Lance, C. E. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325-334.
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2006). Who cares about corruption? Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 807-822.
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2016). Corruption in international business. Journal of World Business, 51, 35-49.
Davis, D. E. (2006). Undermining the rule of law: Democratization and the dark side of police reform in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(1), 55-86.
Droege, S. B., Anderson, J. R., & Bowler, M. (2003). Trust and organizational information flow. Journal of Business and Management, 9(1), 45-59.
Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2002). Decentralization and corruption: Evidence across countries. Journal of Public Economics, 83, 325-345.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: Free Press.
Galunic, C., & Rodan, S. (1998). Resource recombinations in the firm: Knowledge structures and the potential for Schumpeterian innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 19(21), 1193-1201.
Gillespie, N. (2003). Measuring trust in working relationships: The behavioral trust inventory. Paper presented at the 5th Australian Industrial Organizational Psychology Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2002). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 291-307.
Haar, J. & Price, J. (2008). Can Latin America compete? Confronting the challenges of globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Uppersaddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hatak, I., Fink, M., & Frank, H. (2015). Business freedom, corruption and the performance of trusting cooperation partners: Empirical findings from six European countries. Review of Managerial Science, 9, 523-547
Herzfeld, T., & Weiss, C. (2003). Corruption and legal (in) effectiveness: An empirical investigation. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 621-632.
Hosmer, L.T. (1995). Trust: The connecting link between organizational theory and philosophical ethics. Academy of Management Review, 20(2), 379-403.
Hough, D., Green, K., & Plumlee, G. (2015). Impact of ethics environment and organizational trust on employee engagement. Journal of Legal, Ethical & Regulatory Issues, 18(3), 45-62.
Hume, D. (1978[1739]). A treatise of human nature (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Huff, L., & Kelley, L. (2005). Is collectivism a liability? The impact of culture on organizational trust and customer orientation: A seven-nation study. Journal of Business Research, 58, 96-102.
Husted, B. W. (2002). Culture and international anti-corruption agreements in Latin America. Journal of Business Ethics, 37(4), 413-422.
Ionescu, L. (2013). Perceptions of corruption in emerging economies. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 8(1), 136.
Jain, A. (2001). Corruption: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 71-121.
Jarratt, D., & Ceric, A. (2015). The complexity of trust in business collaborations. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 23(1), 2-12.
Kanter, R. M. (1988). When a thousand flowers bloom. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 10,169-211. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Kimbro, M. B. (2002). A cross-country empirical investigation of corruption and its relationship to economic, cultural, and monitoring institutions. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 17(4), 325-350.
Klitgaard, R. (1988). Controlling corruption. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kvint, V. (2009). The global emerging market: Strategic management and economics. New York, London: Routledge.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2003). How corruption affects productivity. Kyklos, 56(4), 457-474.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2007). The institutional economics of corruption and reform. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lange, D. (2008). A multidimensional conceptualization of organizational corruption control. Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 710-729.
Lehnert, K., Benmamoun, M., & Zhao, H. (2013). FDI inflow and human development: Analysis of FDI's impact on host countries' social welfare and infrastructure. Thunderbird International Business Review, 55(3), 285-298.
Li, S., & Wu, J. (2010). Why some countries thrive despite corruption: The role of trust in the corruption-efficiency relationship. Review of International Political Economy, 17(1), 129-154.
Lin, Y. & Wu, L. (2014). Exploring the role of dynamic capabilities in firm performance under the resource-based view framework. Journal of Business Research, 67, 407-413.
Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114-121.
Liu, C.-L. E. (2012). An investigation of relationship learning in cross-border buyer-supplier relationships: The role of trust. International Business Review, 21, 311-327.
Malinen, S., Wright, S., & Cammock, P. (2013). What drives organisational engagement? Evidence - Based HRM, 1(1), 96-108.
Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (1999). The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 123-136.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, C. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
Mayer, R. C., & Gavin, M. B. (2005). Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss? Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 874-888.
McMillan, J. (2002). Reinventing the bazaar: A natural history of markets. New York: W.W. Norton.
Misangyi, V. F., Weaver, G. R., & Elms, H. (2008). Ending corruption: The interplay among institutional logics, resources, and institutional entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 750-770.
Mocan, N. (2008). What determines corruption? International evidence from microdata. Economic Inquiry, 46(4), 493-510.
Morris, S. D. (2009). Political corruption in Mexico: The impact of democratization. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Morris, S. D., & Klesner, J. L. (2010). Corruption and trust: Theoretical considerations and evidence from Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 43(10), 1258-1285.
Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. (1985). Applied linear statistical models: Regression, analysis of variance, and experimental designs. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
North, D. (1991). Institutions. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97-112.
O'Higgins, E. R. E. (2006). Corruption, underdevelopment, and extractive resource industries: Addressing the vicious cycle. Business Ethics Quarterly, 16, 235-254.
Park, H. (2003). Determinants of corruption: A cross-national analysis. Multinational Business Review, 11(2), 29-48.
Parboteeah, K. P., Hoegl, M., & Cullen, J. B. (2008). Ethics and religion: An empirical test of a multidimensional model. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(2), 387-398.
Peña López, J. A., & Santos, J. M. S. (2014). Does corruption have social roots? The role of culture and social capital. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(4), 697-708.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Porter, M. E. (1990). New global strategies for competitive advantage. Strategy and Leadership, 18(3), 4-14.
Price, J. (2008). Public safety: The cost of living dangerously. In J. Haar & J. Price (Eds.), Can Latin America compete? Confronting the challenges of globalization (270-293). New York: Palgrave Macmillan .
Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (2001). International financial liberalization, corruption and economic growth. Review of International Economics, 9(4), 727-737.
Rodriguez, D., & Ehrichs, L. (2007). Global corruption report: Corruption in judicial systems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press and Transparency International.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (2002). ''Grand'' corruption and the ethics of global business. Journal of Banking and Finance, 26(9), 1889-1918.
Sabel, C. F. (1993). Studied trust: Building new forms of cooperation in a volatile economy. Human Relations, 46(9), 1133-1170.
Schaefer, P. F., & Schaefer, P. C. (2008). Property, the rule of law, and development in the Americas. In J. Haar & J. Price (Eds.), Can Latin America compete? Confronting the challenges of globalization (197-213). New York: Palgrave Macmillan .
Scott, R. W. (1995). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Steenkamp, J. E. M., & Baumgartner, H. (1998). Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(1), 78-107.
Tan, H. H., & Lim, A. K. (2009). Trust in coworkers and trust in organizations. The Journal of Psychology, 143(1), 45-66.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Transparency International. (2016). Corruption Perception Index 2016. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/cpi2016/results.
Treisman, D. (2007). What have we learned about the causes of corruption from ten years of cross-national empirical research? Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 211-244.
Uslaner, E. M. (2004). Trust and corruption. In J. G. Lambsdorff, M. Taube, & M. Schramm (Eds.), The New Institutional Economics of Corruption (76-92). New York: Routledge.
Uslaner, E. M. (2013). Trust and corruption revisited: How and why trust and corruption shape each other. Quality & Quantity, 47(6), 3603-3608.
Vanhala, M., Puumalainen, K., & Blomqvist, K. (2011). Impersonal trust: The development of the construct and the scale. Personnel Review, 40(4), 485-513.
Venard, B. (2009). Organizational isomorphism and corruption: An empirical research in Russia. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(1), 59-76.
World Bank. (2016). Doing business 2016: Measuring regulatory quality and efficiency. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
Wurgler, J. (2000). Financial markets and the allocation of capital. Journal of Financial Economics, 58, 187-214.
Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Sapiencza, H. J. (2001). Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6/7), 587-613.
Zhao, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Du, J. (2003). The impact of corruption and transparency on foreign direct investment: An empirical analysis. Management International Review, 43(1), 41-62.
Altunbas, Y., & Thornton, J. (2012). Does financial development reduce corruption? Economics Letters, 114(2), 221-223.
Arvate, P. R., Curi, A. Z., Rocha, F., & Miessi Sanches, F. A. (2010). Corruption and the size of government: Causality tests for OECD and Latin American countries. Applied Economics Letters, 17(10), 1013-1017.
Ashforth, B. E., Gioia, D. A., Robinson, S. L., & Trevino, L. K. (2008). Re-viewing organizational corruption. Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 670-684.
Baek, Y.M., & Jung, C.S. (2015). Focusing the mediating role of institutional trust: How does interpersonal trust promote organizational commitment? Social Science Journal, 52(4), 481-489.
Bailey, J., & Paras, P. (2006). Perceptions and attitudes about corruption and democracy in Mexico. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos, 22(1), 57-82.
Barney, J., Ketchen Jr., D. J., & Wright, M. (2011). The future of resource-based theory: Revitalization or decline? Journal of Management, 37(5), 1299-1315.
Berrios, R. (2010). Corruption as a drag on development. Latin American Research Review, 45(2), 245-252.
Bjornskov, C. (2011). Combating corruption: On the interplay between institutional quality and social trust. The Journal of Law & Economics, 54(1), 135-159.
Blake, C. H., & Morris, S. D. (2009). Political and analytical challenges of corruption in Latin America. In C. H. Blake & S. D. Morris (Eds.), Corruption and democracy in Latin America (1-24). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Bohn, S. R. (2013). Corruption in Latin America: Understanding the perception-exposure gap. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 4(3), 67-95.
Brenes, E. R., Haar, J., & Requena, B. (2009). Latin America: Environmental and firm-level challenges. Journal of Business Research, 62, 849-853.
Brenes, E. R., Mena, M., & Molina, G. E. (2008). Key success factors for strategy implementation in Latin America. Journal of Business Research, 61, 590-598.
Chang, S. J., Van Witteloostuijn, A., & Eden, L. (2010). From the editors: Common method variance in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2), 178-184.
Childers, J. S., & Offstein, E. (2007). Building entrepreneurial e-commerce competitive advantage: A blending of theory and practice. Advances in Competitiveness Research, 15(1), 41-53.
Ciravegna, L., Lopez, L. E., & Kundu, S. K. (2016). The internationalization of Latin American enterprises-Empirical and theoretical perspectives. Journal of Business Research, 69(6), 1957-1962.
Conway, J. M., & Lance, C. E. (2010). What reviewers should expect from authors regarding common method bias in organizational research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 325-334.
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2006). Who cares about corruption? Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 807-822.
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2016). Corruption in international business. Journal of World Business, 51, 35-49.
Davis, D. E. (2006). Undermining the rule of law: Democratization and the dark side of police reform in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(1), 55-86.
Droege, S. B., Anderson, J. R., & Bowler, M. (2003). Trust and organizational information flow. Journal of Business and Management, 9(1), 45-59.
Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2002). Decentralization and corruption: Evidence across countries. Journal of Public Economics, 83, 325-345.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: Free Press.
Galunic, C., & Rodan, S. (1998). Resource recombinations in the firm: Knowledge structures and the potential for Schumpeterian innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 19(21), 1193-1201.
Gillespie, N. (2003). Measuring trust in working relationships: The behavioral trust inventory. Paper presented at the 5th Australian Industrial Organizational Psychology Conference, Melbourne, Australia.
Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2002). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 291-307.
Haar, J. & Price, J. (2008). Can Latin America compete? Confronting the challenges of globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Uppersaddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hatak, I., Fink, M., & Frank, H. (2015). Business freedom, corruption and the performance of trusting cooperation partners: Empirical findings from six European countries. Review of Managerial Science, 9, 523-547
Herzfeld, T., & Weiss, C. (2003). Corruption and legal (in) effectiveness: An empirical investigation. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 621-632.
Hosmer, L.T. (1995). Trust: The connecting link between organizational theory and philosophical ethics. Academy of Management Review, 20(2), 379-403.
Hough, D., Green, K., & Plumlee, G. (2015). Impact of ethics environment and organizational trust on employee engagement. Journal of Legal, Ethical & Regulatory Issues, 18(3), 45-62.
Hume, D. (1978[1739]). A treatise of human nature (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Huff, L., & Kelley, L. (2005). Is collectivism a liability? The impact of culture on organizational trust and customer orientation: A seven-nation study. Journal of Business Research, 58, 96-102.
Husted, B. W. (2002). Culture and international anti-corruption agreements in Latin America. Journal of Business Ethics, 37(4), 413-422.
Ionescu, L. (2013). Perceptions of corruption in emerging economies. Economics, Management and Financial Markets, 8(1), 136.
Jain, A. (2001). Corruption: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 71-121.
Jarratt, D., & Ceric, A. (2015). The complexity of trust in business collaborations. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 23(1), 2-12.
Kanter, R. M. (1988). When a thousand flowers bloom. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 10,169-211. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Kimbro, M. B. (2002). A cross-country empirical investigation of corruption and its relationship to economic, cultural, and monitoring institutions. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 17(4), 325-350.
Klitgaard, R. (1988). Controlling corruption. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kvint, V. (2009). The global emerging market: Strategic management and economics. New York, London: Routledge.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2003). How corruption affects productivity. Kyklos, 56(4), 457-474.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2007). The institutional economics of corruption and reform. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lange, D. (2008). A multidimensional conceptualization of organizational corruption control. Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 710-729.
Lehnert, K., Benmamoun, M., & Zhao, H. (2013). FDI inflow and human development: Analysis of FDI's impact on host countries' social welfare and infrastructure. Thunderbird International Business Review, 55(3), 285-298.
Li, S., & Wu, J. (2010). Why some countries thrive despite corruption: The role of trust in the corruption-efficiency relationship. Review of International Political Economy, 17(1), 129-154.
Lin, Y. & Wu, L. (2014). Exploring the role of dynamic capabilities in firm performance under the resource-based view framework. Journal of Business Research, 67, 407-413.
Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114-121.
Liu, C.-L. E. (2012). An investigation of relationship learning in cross-border buyer-supplier relationships: The role of trust. International Business Review, 21, 311-327.
Malinen, S., Wright, S., & Cammock, P. (2013). What drives organisational engagement? Evidence - Based HRM, 1(1), 96-108.
Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (1999). The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 123-136.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, C. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
Mayer, R. C., & Gavin, M. B. (2005). Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss? Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 874-888.
McMillan, J. (2002). Reinventing the bazaar: A natural history of markets. New York: W.W. Norton.
Misangyi, V. F., Weaver, G. R., & Elms, H. (2008). Ending corruption: The interplay among institutional logics, resources, and institutional entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 750-770.
Mocan, N. (2008). What determines corruption? International evidence from microdata. Economic Inquiry, 46(4), 493-510.
Morris, S. D. (2009). Political corruption in Mexico: The impact of democratization. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Morris, S. D., & Klesner, J. L. (2010). Corruption and trust: Theoretical considerations and evidence from Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 43(10), 1258-1285.
Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. (1985). Applied linear statistical models: Regression, analysis of variance, and experimental designs. Homewood, IL: Irwin.
North, D. (1991). Institutions. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97-112.
O'Higgins, E. R. E. (2006). Corruption, underdevelopment, and extractive resource industries: Addressing the vicious cycle. Business Ethics Quarterly, 16, 235-254.
Park, H. (2003). Determinants of corruption: A cross-national analysis. Multinational Business Review, 11(2), 29-48.
Parboteeah, K. P., Hoegl, M., & Cullen, J. B. (2008). Ethics and religion: An empirical test of a multidimensional model. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(2), 387-398.
Peña López, J. A., & Santos, J. M. S. (2014). Does corruption have social roots? The role of culture and social capital. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(4), 697-708.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Porter, M. E. (1990). New global strategies for competitive advantage. Strategy and Leadership, 18(3), 4-14.
Price, J. (2008). Public safety: The cost of living dangerously. In J. Haar & J. Price (Eds.), Can Latin America compete? Confronting the challenges of globalization (270-293). New York: Palgrave Macmillan .
Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (2001). International financial liberalization, corruption and economic growth. Review of International Economics, 9(4), 727-737.
Rodriguez, D., & Ehrichs, L. (2007). Global corruption report: Corruption in judicial systems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press and Transparency International.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (2002). ''Grand'' corruption and the ethics of global business. Journal of Banking and Finance, 26(9), 1889-1918.
Sabel, C. F. (1993). Studied trust: Building new forms of cooperation in a volatile economy. Human Relations, 46(9), 1133-1170.
Schaefer, P. F., & Schaefer, P. C. (2008). Property, the rule of law, and development in the Americas. In J. Haar & J. Price (Eds.), Can Latin America compete? Confronting the challenges of globalization (197-213). New York: Palgrave Macmillan .
Scott, R. W. (1995). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Steenkamp, J. E. M., & Baumgartner, H. (1998). Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(1), 78-107.
Tan, H. H., & Lim, A. K. (2009). Trust in coworkers and trust in organizations. The Journal of Psychology, 143(1), 45-66.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Transparency International. (2016). Corruption Perception Index 2016. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/cpi2016/results.
Treisman, D. (2007). What have we learned about the causes of corruption from ten years of cross-national empirical research? Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 211-244.
Uslaner, E. M. (2004). Trust and corruption. In J. G. Lambsdorff, M. Taube, & M. Schramm (Eds.), The New Institutional Economics of Corruption (76-92). New York: Routledge.
Uslaner, E. M. (2013). Trust and corruption revisited: How and why trust and corruption shape each other. Quality & Quantity, 47(6), 3603-3608.
Vanhala, M., Puumalainen, K., & Blomqvist, K. (2011). Impersonal trust: The development of the construct and the scale. Personnel Review, 40(4), 485-513.
Venard, B. (2009). Organizational isomorphism and corruption: An empirical research in Russia. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(1), 59-76.
World Bank. (2016). Doing business 2016: Measuring regulatory quality and efficiency. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
Wurgler, J. (2000). Financial markets and the allocation of capital. Journal of Financial Economics, 58, 187-214.
Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Sapiencza, H. J. (2001). Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6/7), 587-613.
Zhao, J. H., Kim, S. H., & Du, J. (2003). The impact of corruption and transparency on foreign direct investment: An empirical analysis. Management International Review, 43(1), 41-62.
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2018-05-31
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Firm-level trust in emerging markets: the moderating effect on the institutional strength- corruption relationship in Mexico and Peru. (2018). Estudios Gerenciales, 34(147), 127-138. https://doi.org/10.18046/j.estger.2018.147.2656
