Los colegios no pueden prohibir a los docentes presentar denuncias con fundamento en acoso laboral

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Luz Ofelia Espinosa presentó acción de tutela porque la Secretaría de Educación de Medellín rehusaba aceptarle su renuncia, que estaba fundamentada en hechos de presunto acoso laboral que había sufrido en su cargo como docente. La Corte Constitucional resolvió el caso haciendo un llamado a las entidades estatales a no prohibir que los trabajadores expresen libremente los motivos por los cuales renuncian.

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Datos de identificación de la sentencia: Corte Constitucional de Colombia. (23 de abril de 2019). Sentencia T-168, M.P.: Alberto Rojas Ríos. Enlace Haz click aquí

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Hechos del caso:

Luz Ofelia Espinosa Atehortúa, de 62 años, interpuso acción de tutela contra la Secretaría de Educación de Medellín, mediante la cual solicitaba que se ordenara a esta entidad aceptar su renuncia al cargo de docente que ejercía en Medellín, en los términos en que la presentó. La profesora justificó su renuncia en el acoso laboral que había denunciado en repetidas ocasiones sin que se hubiera iniciado ningún proceso para resolver la situación. La Secretaría de Educación se había abstenido de aceptar la renuncia con el argumento de que la solicitud no podía contener justificaciones o motivaciones de ningún tipo.

Solicitó, en consecuencia, que se protegieran sus derechos fundamentales al trabajo, a la libertad de escogencia de profesión u oficio, al debido proceso administrativo y a la libertad de expresión. En primera instancia, el juez negó la acción de tutela porque adujo que la Secretaría de Educación ya había respondido a las solicitudes de Luz Ofelia y había accedido a renunciar sin mencionar los hechos presuntos de acoso laboral. En segunda instancia se confirmó la decisión.

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El caso fue revisado por la Corte Constitucional que, en sentencia T-168 de 2019, resolvió estas preguntas:

a) ¿Puede un empleador, en concreto el Estado, restringir la posibilidad de que sus empleados, al momento de renunciar, expresen los motivos que dan sustento a su decisión?

b) ¿La presentación de una renuncia motivada en hechos que, a priori, podrían ser considerados como conductas de acoso laboral, genera en cabeza del empleador una obligación de investigar la situación puesta de presente?

c) ¿Se afectan los derechos fundamentales de un trabajador cuando se omite injustificadamente por parte de las autoridades competentes el deber de desplegar las investigaciones que corresponden ante la presentación de una denuncia de acoso laboral?

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Argumentos y decisión:

La administración (el Estado) no puede prohibir a sus empleados expresar libremente las razones que consideren los lleva a tomar la determinación de renunciar a su cargo. Además, deberá iniciar las investigaciones pertinentes si recibe una renuncia fundamentada en acoso laboral. Si llega a recibir quejas de acoso laboral, antes de la renuncia, deberá tramitarlas y resolverlas dentro de un término razonable, en aras de verificar los hechos denunciados y superar las problemáticas que, en el marco del proceso, pueda constatar. La Corte afirmó que la Secretaría de Educación vulneró los derechos de Luz Ofelia al abstenerse de realizar investigaciones previas y posteriores a su renuncia.

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