Enfoque de género y movilización en el paro nacional

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Enfoque de género y movilización en el paro nacional

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En Colombia, el 28 de abril de 2021, diferentes organizaciones políticas convocaron a la ciudadanía a un paro nacional por las garantías a la vida y el retiro de la reforma tributaria. Desde el inicio, este paro ha tenido implicaciones particulares para las mujeres. La reforma tributaria propuesta por el Gobierno Nacional no solo conllevaba la imposición de mayores cargas fiscales para múltiples sectores sociales, sino también una serie de impuestos en algunos productos necesarios y básicos para las mujeres (toallas higiénicas, tampones y otros productos relacionados con la salud sexual y reproductiva). Además, el Grupo de Género y Justicia Económica —perteneciente a la Red de Justicia Tributaria en Colombia— ha demostrado que este tipo de reformas suele afectar más a las mujeres en la medida en que la pobreza recae con más fuerza sobre ellas en este país[1].

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Durante el paro nacional, una gran cantidad de mujeres y comunidad LGTBIQ han participado en puntos de concentración y manifestaciones pacíficas desarrolladas en todo el país. En estos escenarios, muchas de ellas han sido víctimas de abusos y agresiones por parte de la fuerza pública. De acuerdo a Temblores ONG y el Instituto de Estudios para el Desarrollo y la Paz (Indepaz)[1], entre el 28 de abril y el 18 de mayo de este año, ha habido 18 víctimas de violencia sexual en Colombia. Adicionalmente, en Cali, diferentes organizaciones defensoras de los derechos humanos han denunciado amenazas por parte de miembros de la Policía y el Escuadrón Móvil Antidisturbios (Esmad) contra las mujeres manifestantes, sobre todo por medio de comentarios que aluden a una violación sexual en caso de que continúen participando de manera activa en las protestas. Sumado a esto, los 51 asesinatos que han ocurrido durante el paro, según las cifras de Temblores ONG e Indepaz, implican dolores y duelos que deben enfrentar las madres de decenas de jóvenes que han sido asesinados en las últimas semanas.

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Desde el enfoque de género, otro aspecto que proponemos cuestionar y analizar es el uso de expresiones machistas en arengas y pancartas durante las manifestaciones. Los términos “perra”, “puta” y “marica” han sido usados por manifestantes para referirse al presidente y a la fuerza pública. Durante mucho tiempo, tales términos se han empleado para designar de manera peyorativa un tipo de feminidad y unas apuestas identitarias no hegemónicas, las cuales han sido sancionadas y fuertemente señaladas socialmente. Sin embargo, diferentes colectivos de mujeres y comunidad LGTBIQ han asumido el uso de los mismos términos como una estrategia de lucha para reivindicar, por ejemplo, el derecho a que las mujeres y las personas no binarias experimenten placer sin temor a ser llamadas “perras”, “putas” o “maricas”. Esto ha puesto sobre la mesa la resignificación de dichas palabras y los derechos sexuales de las mujeres y de la comunidad LGTBIQ.

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En el marco del paro nacional, las acciones de la fuerza pública han potenciado estructuras patriarcales y heteronormativas en las que se ejercen actos de dominación, exclusión y explotación de las mujeres y la comunidad LGTBIQ, configurando sus cuerpos y vidas como botines de guerra. Asimismo, las movilizaciones se han convertido en un espacio donde se usan expresiones que, en lugar de plantear posturas críticas y reforzar las luchas de las mujeres, reproducen discursos machistas y heteronormativos. En consecuencia, consideramos que el enfoque de género debe hacer parte de los análisis y discusiones que se desarrollan en contextos locales y nacionales, desde las asambleas barriales hasta las reuniones entre representantes de las organizaciones civiles y miembros del Gobierno Nacional.

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Laura Escamilla y Emily Sosa

Equipo OEM

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[1] Con la reforma tributaria, ser mujer ahora es más caro en Colombia (uniandes.edu.co)

[2] ? ? ? ? ? ? ​? on Twitter: «ʜᴇᴄʜᴏꜱ ᴅᴇ ᴠɪᴏʟᴇɴᴄɪᴀ ᴇɴ ᴇʟ ᴍᴀʀᴄᴏ ᴅᴇʟ ᴘᴀʀᴏ ɴᴀᴄɪᴏɴᴀʟ Entre el 28 de abril y el 18 de mayo de 2021 Datos: @Indepaz y @TembloresOng https://t.co/gmrfv6oODD» / Twitter

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